Here we summarize the reactions that occur in the ETC to produce energy, but for a more detailed review, refer to Zhao et al. However, the molecules derived from these processes are used in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate substrates that enter the ETC for oxidative phosphorylation. The processes for the catabolism of glucose (via glycolysis and subsequent pyruvate oxidation), fatty acids (via fatty acid β-oxidation), and amino acids (via oxidative deamination and transamination) are reviewed in detail elsewhere. ![]() Further, we will compare current methodologies to measure bioenergetic function and mitochondrial ROS production.Ĭellular metabolism comprises the utilization of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, to synthesize energy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the function of the ETC, focusing on oxidative phosphorylation and its relationship to ROS production. ĭespite this variation between cell types, mitochondrial ATP generation and ROS production are intimately linked through function of the electron transport chain (ETC), and thus efficient measurement of ETC function can provide insight into mechanisms of physiology and disease pathogenesis. In contrast, endothelial cells rely more heavily on glycolysis than mitochondria for ATP, but mitochondrial ROS production is essential for endothelial homeostatic signaling. For example, cardiomyocytes rely on mitochondria to supply >95% of the energy required for their function. Notably, the importance of each of these functions varies by cell type. ![]() Since then, it has become apparent that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that contribute to cellular homeostasis not only through maintaining adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, but also through the generation of low levels of ROS for cell signaling, and that dysfunction in either of these processes can propagate pathology. Less than a decade later came the first reports that the organelle generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of cellular respiration. In 1957, Peter Siekevitz branded the mitochondrion the “powerhouse” of the cell.
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